Modes of Listening
聆听模式/Ling2 Ting1 Mo2 Shi4
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One of the most internationally adopted concepts of Pierre Schaeffer is that of the Modes of Listening (Quatre Ecoutes). Schaeffer's idea has been freely adapted and developed in French (notably by Michel Chion) and English (notably by Denis Smalley). Understanding of our multiple motivations for (and mechanisms of) hearing and listening continues to be of fundamental significance to electroacoustic research and creative practice, and has been futher developed through the fields of psychoacoustics, music psychology, perceptual science and cognitive science.
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以不同的方式学习聆听，或是声音本身的属性（乐感聆听），或是声音的来源（语境聆听）。
以不同的方式聆听
我们听声音的方法可以改变，通常情况下，我们试图分辨某种声音的源头。
但是，我们也能聆听声音的本体，把它们从源头中分离出来。当我们聆听这些声音本体的时候，其实是在体会其中的乐感。
Learn to listen in different ways. Either to the properties of the sound itself (musical listening) or to the source of the sound (contextual listening).
Listening In Different Ways
The way in which we listen to sounds can change. Often when we listen we try to hear the source that is creating the sound.
But, we can also listen to the sounds on their own, free of their source. When we listen to sounds on their own we hear them musically.
Hover over the image to hear the audio.
Listening Challenge
Play the following sounds and try to listen to them contextually and musically.
Sound One
What are the properties of the sound? / What does it sound like?
Sound Two
What are the properties of the sound? / What does it sound like?
Sound Three
What are the properties of the sound? / What does it sound like?
Sound Four
What are the properties of the sound? / What does it sound like?
Discuss what you hear with a partner. What do you hear when you try to listen musically? What do you hear when you listen contextually?
Contextual or Musical?
Sometimes we want listeners to make a connection between the sound and its source. Other times we want the sound to be listened to on its own.
When Pierre Schaeffer recognised that people listen in different ways he identified that the most important difference was whether sounds were recognisably linked to things from the world or not. He described these as either concrete or abstract (contextual or musical) ways of listening.
The extent to which a sound is recognisable can be either a useful tool or an annoying hinderance to music made of sounds. Some sounds, even if they are generated, will be recognisable to listeners as sounds linked to something in the world.
The Magical Power of Transformations
Through his experiments with sound Pierre Schaeffer also recognised that you can change the way in which people think about sounds by looping them.
Looped Sound
The sound begins and we hear the source, but soon the rhythms and qualities of the sound emerge and take over.
In this way, the sounds have moved from being concrete to abstract. From having a contextual link (a place and real world link), to being heard musically (as rhythms).
Composition Task
Experiment with looping and duplicating sounds in the “Compose With Sounds” software.
Can you hear the way in which you listen to these sounds change?
Extra
Other transformations are also able to change the way in which we listen to sounds:
Filters
Transposition
Time-Stretching
Reverse
Splice
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