Electroacoustic Music
电声音乐/Dian4 Sheng1 Yin1 Yue4
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这是一个或多或少难以解释的术语。它始于20世纪50年代，介于学者与实践者之间，在试图定义的同时，也掀起了非常激烈的争论。这个术语对音响工程具有特殊的意义（见下文2）；一言以蔽之，它是一个具有广泛包容性的术语，源于具体音乐、磁带音乐方面的实践活动；电子音乐作曲家几乎尝试了各种杂交的形式，贯穿20世纪60、70年代。
该术语早期源于英国和加拿大，70年代（与其它术语混合）在法语中出现（électroacoustique），用以代替具体音乐。此术语从未在美国普及，因为电子音乐，磁带音乐和计算机音乐占据了主导的位置，但是近年来提及电声音乐的情况有所增加。这个术语目前广泛应用于几种欧洲的、南美的语言，包括，西班牙和葡萄牙。
近几年，一些国家，尤其是加拿大，已经提到了电子声学（Electroacoustics）这个术语，顾名思义，也就是电子音乐研究。这样有利于强调这个领域中跨学科的特质，这也正是它与生俱来的意义。（见下文4）
有些观点认为，这个术语实在难以解释，以至于没有用处，应该抛弃。其它的选择中，从最广义的可能性出发，可以把这个词作为一个伞状的术语看待（见下文1）。近来，在英语中声音艺术和电声音乐学的用法渐进，用以代替电声音乐。
以下提供四种定义，意欲细微差别：
1）只要不是简单的话筒录音，或者扩音，电声音乐涵盖任何一种与电有关的音乐形式，包括声音范畴，和/或制作流程。
2）用以形容任何一种，把一个信号从物理形态转换到电子形态的过程，反之亦然。通常来讲，例如话筒或扬声器就是这个过程的传感器。
尽管这个术语准确的提及一个信号从电子到物理形态的转换，或者反之亦然，但是它也经常泛指通过电子的手段，生成和/或处理声音信号的任何过程，包括声音合成技术，或者通过数字的方式生成的这种信号。当这种处理方式被赋予艺术性之后，就可以称为电声音乐了。
This somewhat elusive term has evolved since the late 1950s, and attempts to define it have provoked much-heated debate amongst academics and practitioners. The term has a specific meaning in audio engineering (see 2 below), and a rather-too-simplistic explanation is that it was adopted as an inclusive and umbrella term as the activities of musique concrète, tape music, and electronic music composers saw almost immediate cross-fertilization, which continued through the 1960s and 70s.
The term saw early usage in the United Kingdom and Canada, and during the 1970s tended (amongst other terms) to be used in the French language (électroacoustique) in place of musique concrète. The term was never in wide usage in the United States, where Electronic Music, Tape Music and Computer Music predominated, but recent years have seen an increased usage here too. The term is currently widely used in several European/South American languages, including Spanish and Portuguese.
More recently, some, particularly in Canada, have adopted the term Electroacoustics, which includes Electroacoustic Music Studies in its sense, and has the advantage of emphasising the interdisciplinary nature of the field in the nuance of its meaning. (See 4 below)
Some argue that the term is so elusive as to be unhelpful, and should therefore be abandoned. Others opt for the most general possible use of the word as an umbrella term (see 1 below). The English language has seen increased recent usage of the terms Sonic Art and Electroacoustics in place of Electroacoustic Music. The French language has several nuanced alternatives, including l'Art de Sons Fixés (Michel Chion) and Musique Acousmatique (proposed by François Bayle in the early 1970s as a replacement for Musique Concrète, and a means of delineating his aesthetic concerns within the broader field of Electroacoustic Music).
In an attempt to illustrate nuance, the following four established definitions are offered below.
1. Electroacoustic music refers to any music in which electricity has had some involvement in sound registration and/or production other than that of simple microphone recording or amplification. (Source - Leigh Landy (1999). Reviewing the Musicology of Electroacoustic Music. Organised Sound Vol. 4, No. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 61-70)
2. An adjective describing any process involving the transfer of a signal from acoustic to electrical form, or vice versa. Most commonly transducers, such as the microphone or loudspeaker are examples of this process.
Although the term most precisely refers to a signal transfer from electrical to acoustic form or vice versa, it also is often used more loosely to refer to any process for the electronic generation and/or manipulation of sound signals, including techniques of sound synthesis for the electronic or digital generation of such signals. When the purpose of such manipulation is artistic, the result is commonly called electroacoustic music. (Source: Barry Truax - Handbook for Acoustic Ecology CD-ROM Edition. Cambridge Street Publishing, 1999 - CSR-CDR 9901)
3. Music in which electronic technology, now primarily computer-based, is used to access, generate, explore and configure sound materials, and in which loudspeakers are the prime medium of transmission. There are two main genres. Acousmatic music is intended for loudspeaker listening and exists only in recorded tape form (tape, compact disk, computer storage). In live electronic music the technology is used to generate, transform or trigger sounds (or a combination of these) in the act of performance; this may include generating sound with voices and traditional instruments, electroacoustic instruments, or other devices and controls linked to computer-based systems. Both genres depend on loudspeaker transmission, and an electroacoustic work can combine acousmatic and live elements. (Source - Simon Emmerson, Denis Smalley (2001). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians - Second Edition. Ed. Stanley Sadie.)
4. (Electroacoustics) The use of electricity for the conception, ideation, creation, storage, production, interpretation, distribution, reproduction, perception, cognition, visualization, analysis, comprehension and/or conceptualization of sound.
(Source - Kevin Austin, with an acknowledgement to Michael Century)
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Electroacoustic music emerged from the mixing and combination of techniques from Musique Concrète and Elektronische Musik.
What is Electroacoustic music?
Electroacoustic is a name that could describe any electronic technology that works with sound.
As a creative genre it can include many different types and styles of work, including both of the types from which it emerged: Musique Concrète and Elektronische Musik.
Fact
The name ‘Electroacoustic’ is descriptive of the music and its technology.
Electro- = refers to the use of electronic tools to work with and transform sounds.
-acoustic = refers to sound itself, and the fact that this music is often made out of recorded sounds.
What does this music involve?
Pieces of electroacoustic music often explore the texture of sounds, their (Timbre), as composers use technology to transform and create new sounds developed from recorded sound.
Composers of this music are fascinated by the beauty of sound and often want to create new sounds, or draw attention to sounds, that have never been heard before.
Compose With Sounds
New works are, today, almost always composed using computers and will combine both generated sounds and recorded sound.
The computer software Compose with Sounds is a new tool that allows you to experiment with sound on your computer and to create your very own pieces of electroacoustic music!
What does it sound like?
In truth, there are many different styles of composition within the category of Electroacoustic Music.
Pieces will sound different depending on the tools and technology that the composer uses, and the extent to which they want to transform their recorded sounds.
Some composers want to create sounds that are different from anything heard before, while others like playing with sounds that are familiar to us.
Fact
This diversity of styles in electroacoustic music is very similar to those that exist within pop music.
There are many different styles of pop music from Rock, Metal and Folk to Hip Hop, RnB and Dance etc.
So while the term pop music can give us some idea, we often need more detailed terms to describe the work of specific artists.)
Here is a list of electroacoustic compositions that can be found in the listening room:
Poème électronique (by Edgar Varèse)
Concret PH (by Iannis Xenakis)
Kits Beach Soundwalk (by Hildegard Westerkamp)
… but the kitchen sink (by Duncan Chapman)
C’est Wiizzz!!! (by Florian Sulpice)
and many more…. Listening Room
Who makes this music?
We have interviewed the next generation of composers that are making works of Electroacoustic Music and have asked them questions about their practice. Check out what these young composers have to say about their work in the Composer Case Studies that we put together:
Danny Saul – Electroacoustic Music, Electronic Music, Live Electronics.
Manuella Blackburn – Electroacoustic, Musique Concrète
Michael Gatt: Electroacoustic (Acousmatic) & Sound Installation
Louise Rossiter – Electroacoustic, Gestural, Soundscape
Nicola Monopoli: Electroacoustic Music
Fact
Works of electroacoustic music can be performed live, use a combination of traditional and electronic instruments, or can be entirely fixed. In all cases they will need loudspeakers to be fully played back.
Encyclopaedia:
Music in which electronic technology is used to manipulate, eventually generate, explore and combine sounds.
Electroacoustic Music Music in which electronic technology, now primarily computer-based, is used to access, generate, explore and configure sound materials, and in which loudspeakers are the prime medium of transmission. There are two main genres. Acousmatic music is intended for loudspeaker listening and exists only in recorded tape form (tape, compact disk, computer storage). In live electronic music the technology is used to generate, transform or trigger sounds (or a combination of these) in the act of performance; this may include generating sound with voices and traditional instruments, electroacoustic instruments, or other devices and controls linked to computer-based systems. Both genres depend on loudspeaker transmission, and an electroacoustic work can combine acousmatic and live elements. [Emmerson and Smalley 2001]
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