In 舍费尔 理论 听觉训练 is the 艺术 of practising better 聆听 it is an 实验 and 现实 approach to the 声音 对象 a kind of becoming aware of the new 材料 of 音乐 while distrusting preconceived 观念 and relying first and foremost upon what is 听 It is without 记谱法 because it is 意图 to apply to the whole universe of 声音 already available or capable of being made and 不 only to the 声音 of 传统 音乐 of measurable 音高 and 产生 by a 限制 数 of 乐器 This 听觉训练 is situated more in the area of 听觉 than 制作 it is descriptive rather than being operational The criteria which it seeks to bring out are 不 表示 by symbols leading to notations for new 乐谱 but as a deepening of the act of 聆听 seeking in 声音 their 音乐 潜力 prior to any plan of 记谱法 or 作曲 It is embodied in the five 操作 of his programme of 音乐 研究 Every 声音 对象 or criterion as the 实验 听觉训练 progresses is 个别 situated in 种类 类型学 in classes 形态学 in 风格 性格学 in species 分析 The 最终 two of these are treated more like a hypothese whereas the first two are significantly detailed Paraphrase of Michel Chion 1983 Guide des Objets Sonores Eds Buchet/Chastel Paris 1995 translation by John Dack/Christine North