This area 包括 any 手段(意味着) of synthesizing 声音 from scratch or first 原则 through a mathematical 声学 模型 通常 of an 现有 音乐 乐器 通常 基于 on models of the manner in which a resonator responds to some 形(曲)式 of excitation i e 能量 输入 two frequently encountered examples are Waveguide 合成 Karplus Strong 技术 for the 模拟 of plucked 弦(乐) and membrane 乐器